and that’s the bottom line really.
just as it is also the basic bottom line really
that
any entity whatsoever that runs .. or wishes to run .. a Rail System
and does not build it’s / his / her / their own Engines ( and Coaches, etc )
must neccessarily
source those Engines and Coaches
from
▲ an entity that builds it’s / his / her / their own Engines ( and Coaches, etc )
or
▲ a representative of an entity that builds it’s / his / her / their own Engines ( and Coaches, etc )
e.g a Marketing Firm
or
▲ a donor that can/will acquire the required Engines ( and Coaches ) and
thereafter donate them to
the entity running a Rail System or wishing to run a Rail System.
examples of such benevolent donors may include
■ a Foreign Government or/and it’s representatives
■ a National or/and State Government and/or it’s representatives
■ a wealthy entity / wealthy entities
this basic bottom line applies
whether
the entity that runs .. or wishes to run .. a Rail System
but does not build it’s / his / her / their own Engines ( and Coaches, etc )
is
▼ the Federal Government of a Nation through a Federal Government owned enterprise
▼ a State Government of a Nation through a State Government owned enterprise
▼ a private individual entrepreneur
▼ a private ( i.e non-state owned ) enterprise.
non-state owned here means that
the private enterprise is not owned by a Federal Government or State Government
although a Federal Government or State Government may invest in it
and
own some shares
including, for the sake of example, a majority share-holding
another basic bottom line really
is that
whatsoever entity that
wishes to source Railway Engines and Railway Coaches
must neccessarily
spend money in order to acquire those Rail Engines and Rail Coaches
whether or not
the sourcing entity
is
■ the concern directly running the Rail System or wishing to run a Rail System
or
■ a benevolent donor / benevolent donors acquiring those Rail Engines and Rail Coaches
on it’s / his / her / their behalf
another basic bottom line factorial is the reality that
investment in a/the Rail System is
in essence
both
▲ investment in infrastructure
and
▲ investment in infrastructure / infrastructural development.
a look at infrastructure .. or what constitutes infrastructure
evinces that
putting into place that which is considered to be infrastructure
be it
for example,
▲ telecommunications .. and/or telecommunications capability
▲ water works
▲ roads .. road works
▲ electricity
▲ etc, ▲ etc, ▲ etc
is capital intensive
i.e it requires huge amounts of capital
i.e it requires the sort of money that most ordinary normal individuals do not possess as personal funds.
related to this reality
and perhaps running in tandem or parallel with it
is the reality
that
putting infrastructure in/into place requires
▼ the use of highly skilled personnel
and
▼ the use of highly trained personnel.
this reality holds true
whether the infrastructure that is
being put in place or to be put in place
is
identified via the use of descriptive terminology
as
█ social infrastructure
█ socio-economic infrastructure
e.g
▼ hospitals
in which case
one requires
■ Engineers and Technicians of various specializations
( .. Civil, Electrical, Mechanical .. )
to put the building together
in addition to
specialists like
■ Architects ( for the functional design of the building, etc )
■ Quantity Surveyors ( for issues of quantities )
as well as
specially trained persons like
■ Doctors
■ Pharmacists
■ Bio-Medical Scientists
■ Nurses
■ etc
to run the hospital after it might have been built
or as
█ hard-core engineering infrastructure
e.g
▼ the Nigeria GSM Telephone Network
▼ the Nigeria Second River Niger Bridge
or if you will
▼ a STANDARD GAUGE RAIL LINE
from Onitsha to AroChukwu,
for example.
what this neccessarily means is that
the sort of folks who can put together
■ the funds .. and/or access to funds
■ the technology .. and/or access to technology
■ the influence
■ the cohesiveness
■ the tenacity of purpose
required
to see the project through
▲ from concept
▲ through the project implementation stages
▲ all the way to the project finish
▲ the hand-over thereafter
▲ the efficient use of the infrastructure
▲ the appropriate maintenance of the infrastructure
▲ required upgrades of the infrastructure over time
by and large
generally belong to the circle of folks
referred to as
those who makes thing happen .. for and in .. a country.
therefore just as
▼ investments in a national GSM Telecommunications infrastructure
tends to involve
an interplay
of
■ financial considerations .. and therefore of players in the finance sector ( locally and internationally )
■ administrative considerations .. and therefore of administrators
■ political considerations .. and therefore sometimes of politicians and politically active persons
■ technological considerations .. and therefore of technologically knowledgeable folks
■ etc, ■ etc
i.e
involve an interplay
of those folks who
generally, by and large, belong to the circle of folks
referred to as
those who makes thing happen .. for and in .. a country
so also will
a comprehensive and reasonable effort by Nigeria
at / towards converting
nation-wide
▼ to STANDARD GAUGE RAIL LINES and STANDARD GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
from NARROW GAUGE RAIL LINES and NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
require and involve an interplay
of those folks who
generally, by and large, belong to the circle of folks
referred to as
those who make(s) things happen .. for and in .. the country Nigeria.
for purposes of clarity,
it may be helpful to indicate here that
the circle of folks who make(s) things happen .. for and in .. the country Nigeria
include
█ THE POLITICAL LEADERS and the POLITICAL ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE LEADERS OF GOVERNMENT BUSINESS
and
the GOVERNMENT BUSINESS ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE LEADERS OF PRIVATE SECTOR BUSINESS
and
the PRIVATE SECTOR BUSINESS ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE BUSINESS LEADERS and the BUSINESS ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE FINANCIAL LEADERS and the FINANCIAL ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE ECONOMIC LEADERS and the ECONOMIC ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE ECONOMY LEADERS and the ECONOMY ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE GOVERNMENT LEADERS and the GOVERNMENT ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE PRIVATE SECTOR LEADERS and the PRIVATE SECTOR ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE CORPORATE LEADERS and the CORPORATE ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE SOCIAL LEADERS and the SOCIAL ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC LEADERS and the SOCIO-ECONOMIC ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE SOCIAL and ECONOMIC LEADERS and the SOCIAL and ECONOMIC ELITE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE PACE SETTERS
in and of Nigeria
█ THE TREND SETTERS
in and of Nigeria
█ THE JET SETTERS
in and of Nigeria
█ THE INTELLIGENTSIA
in and of Nigeria
█ THE LEADERS OF OPINION
in and of Nigeria
█ THE FOLKS THAT MOULD AND SHAPE OPINION
in and of Nigeria
█ THE INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE WIELDERS OF INFLUENCE
in and of Nigeria
█ THE MOVERS AND SHAKERS
in and of Nigeria
█ THE PEOPLE(S) THAT MATTER(S)
in and of Nigeria
Rihanna ormahleechar nm ( omalicha nm ) ( omalicha m ),
let’s keep this simple
i.e
let’s keep this un-complicated / non-complicated
and
we can keep this simple
i.e
we can keep this un-complicated / non-complicated
by
taking it from the basics
and
moving forwards step by step
or at least trying to move forwards in a progressively orderly fashion.
a primary basic factor in all of this,
Rihanna nnmah ( nma nm ) ( nma m ),
is that
▼ Nigeria does NOT manufacture RAIL ENGINES
whether WIDE GAUGE, NARROW GAUGE or STANDARD GAUGE
i.e
▼ Nigeria does NOT produce RAIL ENGINES
whether WIDE GAUGE, NARROW GAUGE or STANDARD GAUGE
i.e
▼ Nigeria does NOT build RAIL ENGINES
whether WIDE GAUGE, NARROW GAUGE or STANDARD GAUGE
Rihanna ohbee nm ( obi nm ) ( obi m ) ( obim ),
the reason(s) for this inadequacy is/are difficult to understand
considering, for example, that
█ Nigeria has abundant iron ore natural mineral resources
and
iron ore is the primary component from which
all the steel and/or iron parts of the Rail Engine are derived
█ there are rumours that the synthetic materials required for seat covers, etc, for example,
are derivable as by-products for/of the catalytic conversion process of
Crude Oil into Petrol / Gasoline
and Nigeria, historically, has abundant Crude oil resources so
really Nigeria should be able to derive at least some of these by-products
by it’s self
from it’s own available natural resources materials.
█ Nigeria has historically
.. at least since the 1950s till date July 2023 ..
produced an abundance of Engineers
( a sizeable number of whom trained in U.K, U.S.A, etc )
that can be deployed into Railway Engines Manufacturing
█ Nigeria has historically
.. probably since before the 1950s and up till date July 2023 ..
produced an abundance of technicians and technically gifted folks
that can be deployed into Railway Engines Manufacturing
Rihanna nnkeh nm ohfoo sorr-sorr ( nkem ofu soso )
which praise-greeting
i.e
which praise-appellation
in the igbo / Ibo / eegboe / eeboe / egboe / eboe / iboe tribe language
which is one of the many native languages spoken in the West(ern) Africa, Africa area
probably
translates in the NEAREST-SENSE-OF-MEANING
into the english language
as
Rihanna my one and only
or if you will
Rihanna my only one
if we do not allow ourselves to be diverted
from the central theme of this discourse
by an excursion into the factors,
if any,
that are or maybe responsible for
the inability of Nigeria to translate it’s perceived potential into reality
.. at least in the instance of
Rail Engine Manufacturing / Rail Engine Production / Rail Engine Building ..
and we focus on
the central theme of this discourse
which is namely that
Rihanna nnkeh nm,
calling a spade a spade,
any and all effort by Nigeria currently and in future regarding
converting to STANDARD GAUGE RAIL LINES and STANDARD GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
from NARROW GAUGE RAIL LINES and NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
is only contingent upon Nigeria
and somewhat challenging for Nigeria
because unlike U.S.A, for example,
Nigeria does NOT build RAIL ENGINES whether
WIDE GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
or
NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
or
STANDARD GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
we will most likely probably come to acknowledge that
i.e to say ( that is to say )
we will most likely probably come to perceive that
i.e to say ( that is to say )
we will most likely probably come to understand that
■ when you get down to it
■ if you get down to it
what is of critical essence regarding
providing Rail Engines for your country
.. be they
WIDE GAUGE RAIL ENGINES ,
NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
or
STANDARD GAUGE RAIL ENGINES ..
is
whether or not you can build the required Rail Engine specs yourself
especially when
■ other countries
■ Rail Engine Manufacturers in other countries
are telling you that
they no longer build the specs you want
and
if you want them to produce that specs for you
it will be done at extra financial cost to you
Rihanna ornyeh nnkeh nm ( onye nkem ),
let’s put it like this :
there are some countries in the world today July 2023
outside of Europe
i.e
outside of the developed countries of the world
that
build or can build Rail Engines
and
build or can build Rail Coaches, etc
for
either
NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACKS / TRACK SYSTEMS
or
STANDARD GAUGE RAIL TRACKS / TRACK SYSTEMS.
as at date July 2023
some of such countries are in the Asia Continent
and
none of such countries is found in Negroland Africa i.e Sub-Sahara Desert Africa.
however,
the prevailing circumstance that
none of such countries is found in Negroland Africa i.e Sub-Sahara Desert Africa
is probably best left right now to
■ another day
■ another post
staying on the central theme of our discourse,
if
a country, say for example, Country ABC
can .. and does .. build
Rail Engines ( and Rail Coaches, etc )
for
either
▼ NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACKS / TRACK SYSTEMS
or
▼ STANDARD GAUGE RAIL TRACKS / TRACK SYSTEMS
or
▼ both
NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACKS / TRACK SYSTEMS
and
STANDARD GAUGE RAIL TRACKS / TRACK SYSTEMS
what this means is that :
(A) In The Instance Of A Country That Builds Only NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES ;
it doesn’t really matter one way or the other if
▼ a Rail Engine Manufacturing Company in Europe or any other part of the World
▼ a Rail Engine Manufacturing Country in Europe or any other Continent of the World
stops or decides to stop building NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
because
such an intelligent? country can build NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
for it’s own NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACK SYSTEM
and
can continue to do so for the next 100 years or 5000 years if it so decides
Rihanna ornyeh arnyih jee ar-mah artuh,
Rihanna onye anyi ji ama atu,
let us illustrate this point
via practical example
from
the contemporary Engineering and Technology history of Nigeria
within the past 50 years immediately preceding today July 2023.
a good example is the instance of Nigeria and the Peugeot 504 automobile.
Peugeot is a Motor Car Manufacturer
headquartered in France, West[ern] Europe, Europe.
over the years
.. at least as far back as the 1960s ..
Peugeot motor vehicles have
demonstrated
OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE
in all manner of terrain in Nigeria – including very very rugged terrain
and
in the face of adverse conditions.
on the subject of adverse conditions
there have been claims by at least one igbo/ibo tribe Engineer
( .. now dead/late .. he died some years ago at over 80 years old .. )
that
during the Nigeria – Biafra Civil War i.e the Biafran War, 1967 – 1970
there was
a severe scarcity of Petrol / Gasoline in the then Biafra Territory
( which was composed from
the area of Nigeria that constituted the Eastern Region [ Southern Nigeria ]
prior to the outbreak of the war in 1967 )
and
lacking fuel / petrol / gasoline
he poured KEROSENE ?!?! which he had somehow accessed into the petrol tank
of his Peugeot 403 car
and turned the car keys in the ignition switch unit
and THE CAR / CAR ENGINE STARTED !!!!
and he thereafter drove the Peugeot 403 car with KEROSENE without problems
for a considerable part of the Biafra War (1967 – 1970 ) period.
it will probably be of value if
we do not divert our focus into a discussion of the
startling discoveries? and applications?
templated on the principles of Aryan / Caucasian Science and Technology
made by the Biafra Territory Engineers and Scientists ( 1967 – 1970 )
e.g
▲ the locally made Ogbunigwe bomb / land-mine weapon
▲ the cure for the Cholera Disease ( by microbiologist Dr. Njoku-Obi )
▲ etc
and instead
focus on the central theme of this discourse.
Going back to the Peugeot Motor Car,
some of the models of this vehicle that have
demonstrated
OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE
in Nigeria
include
( and are not limited to )
the
■ Peugeot 403 saloon
■ Peugeot 403 pick-up / open back goods carrier
■ Peugeot 403 convertible
■ Peugeot 403 sun roof
■ Peugeot 403 station wagon
■ Peugeot 404 saloon
■ Peugeot 404 convertible
■ Peugeot 404 sun roof
■ Peugeot 404 station wagon / family estate
■ Peugeot 404 pick-up / open back goods carrier
■ Peugeot 504 saloon
■ Peugeot 504 convertible
■ Peugeot 504 sun roof
■ Peugeot 504 station wagon / family estate … a.k.a Your Destination ( Uhuru ?) By Air
■ Peugeot 504 pick-up / open back goods carrier
■ Peugeot 505 saloon
■ Peugeot 505 convertible
■ Peugeot 505 sun roof
■ Peugeot 505 station wagon / family estate
■ Peugeot 505 pick-up / open back goods carrier
■ etc,
■ etc.
Rihanna ardah nar eh-kweh luh arnyih ookwae de aegwoo,
Rihanna ada na ekwe lu anyi ukwe di egwu,
Rihanna the lady who sings superb songs for us,
Nigerians who are old enough may also remember that there was a very beautiful model called the
Peugeot 604
( circa 1977? .. 1978 ? )
however,
according to rumours,
the then Military? Government of Nigeria viewed? it as
an ostentation and an extravagance
and did not support it’s use here in Nigeria.
in any case, back to the point :
the Peugeot 504 was assembled here in Nigeria
▲ at a period in the socio-economic history of Nigeria
▲ at a period in the contemporary Engineering History of Nigeria
it was assembled by a company called
Peugeot Automobile of Nigeria ( PAN ).
for over 20 years back to back
covering a period before and after the year 1974 A.D to the year 1994 A.D period
( 1994 – 1974 = 20 years )
the Peugeot 504 motor car was
without doubt
■ the most popular car in Nigeria
■ the most ubiquitous motor vehicle on Nigerian roads and Nigerian motor ways
the Peugeot 504 motor car was
purchased and used as
Official Vehicles
i.e as Company Vehicles
i.e as Organization Owned Vehicles
by
■ the Federal Government of Nigeria and
all it’s Ministries, Agencies and Parastatals
■ all the State Governments of Nigeria and
all their Ministries, Agencies and Parastatals
■ Private Sector Concerns in Nigeria
the Peugeot 504 motor car was
purchased, owned and used as
Personal Vehicles
by
■ individuals and households across Nigeria.
then one day
Peugeot of France announced that
it would no longer be manufacturing the Peugeot 504 motor car.
according to rumours,
the reasons advanced by Peugeot of France
for
this shocking ? decision
▲ despite the superb performance of the Peugeot 504 motor car in Nigeria and Africa
▲ despite the huge popularity of the Peugeot 504 motor car in Nigeria and Africa
▲ despite
the huge demand,
the consistent demand,
the continuos demand,
the widely prevalent demand
and
the then prevailing high demand for the Peugeot 504 motor car
in Nigeria and Africa
included that
at the time ( 2001 ?? )
it i.e the Peugeot 504 motor car was
■ an old technology
■ a 50 year old technology
the Nigeria public was totally shocked by this decision
but
none among the
▲ Nigeria Peugeot 504 motor car product consuming public
▲ Nigeria Peugeot 504 motor car product using public
▲ Nigeria Peugeot 504 motor car product utilizing public
could do anything whatsoever about the decision.
there was nothing whatsoever wrong with the Peugeot 504 motor car.
there was nothing whatsoever wrong with the performance of the Peugeot 504 motor car.
the Peugeot 504 motor car was up till that time a superb motor vehicle.
the performance Peugeot 504 motor car was up till that time
by and large absolutely superb, generally,
and
in many instances not just outstanding
but in fact
both particularly outstanding and deserving of high praise.
so there was no reason to stop it’s production
– at least as far as the general Nigeria public could see and understand.
but
the Car Producer had spoken
the Car Manufacturer had spoken
the Car Builder had spoken
the Car Producer had taken a decision
the Car Manufacturer had taken a decision
the Car Builder had taken a decision
and
there was not a damn thing that
anyone or any entity in Nigeria could do about it
for
the very simple reason that
■ no one in Nigeria
■ no entity in Nigeria
could build that vehicle from scratch.
and so
the absolutely superb Peugeot 504 motor car has
as at date July 2023
essentially disappeared from Nigeria roads and Nigeria motor ways.
for whatever it may be worth
for whatever value it may have
perhaps
it may be of merit to mention here that
the so-called ”Nigeria Car Manufacturer”, viz :
Peugeot Automobile of Nigeria ( PAN )
never produced .. manufactured .. built .. that car
FROM SCRATCH TO FINISH
here in Nigeria
and
what it i.e Peugeot Automobile of Nigeria ( PAN ) used to do
essentially
was to, more or less,
import
■ already manufactured bits and pieces of the car
■ already manufactured parts and pieces of the car
( which they called the very big sounding name
COMPLETELY KNOCKED DOWN [ CKD .. CKDs] COMPONENTS )
like bits, parts and pieces of a JIGSAW PUZZLE
that came in an intact package complete with a script on how to fit it together
then fit the
already manufactured
bits, parts and pieces of the JIGSAW PUZZLE
together
in/at the “Peugeot Car Manufacturing Plant”?
in
Kaduna, Northern Nigeria, Nigeria
and
thereafter declare that
they had built some 504 cars in Nigeria.
they .. and no one else .. ever built
▼ the gear mechanism from scratch here in Nigeria
▼ the speedometer mechanism from scratch here in Nigeria
▼ the clock in the dashboard from scratch here in Nigeria
▼ the body panels that constitute the shape of the motor car from scratch here in Nigeria
▼ the engine of the motor car from scratch here in Nigeria
▼ etc, ▼ etc, ▼ etc
so when
Peugeot of France
looked at it’s profit margins and other critical parameters
and
probably figuring? that
■ the product had performed more than very excellently as a revenue earner ??
■ the product had performed more than very excellently as a ‘cash cow’ ??
decided to
discontinue it’s production
despite
and
inspite of
▲ the superb performance of the Peugeot 504 motor car
▲ the high demand by the car buying public for the Peugeot 504 motor car
no one .. no entity .. in the entire Nigeria
could do a damn about it
because
no one .. no entity .. in the entire Nigeria
had
the actual practical capability
the actual practical capacity
the actual practical ability
the actual practical technology capability
the actual practical technology capacity
the actual practical technology ability
the actual practical manufacturing capability
the actual practical manufacturing capacity
the actual practical manufacturing ability
to build .. manufacture .. produce that car
from scratch to finish here in Nigeria.
Rihanna ardah nar eh-kweh arnyih ookwae nar ar-puh orkuh
Rihanna ada na ekwe lu anyi ukwe na apu oku
Rihanna the lady that sings songs that emit fire for us
Rihanna the lady that sings absolutely terrific songs for us
i guess you get the point.
just as nothing really is wrong with
the Peugeot 504 motor car
nothing really is wrong with
the NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINE(S)
and
nothing really is wrong with
the NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACKS for that matter
it’s just that
the NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINE(S) manufacturer(s) in Europe
have decided
like
the Peugeot 504 motor car manufacturer(s) in Europe
that
they are not going to be building that stuff any longer
and so anyone who wishes to continue using their products
HAS TO SWITCH
.. whether they like or not ..
.. whether they want to or not ..
TO THE PRODUCT MODELS THEY ARE CURRENTLY MANUFACTURING
or
■ where the Product Manufacturer is so disposed
■ where the Product Manufacturing Company is so inclined
PAY A SPECIAL PREMIUM PRICE
to get some units of the OLD PRODUCT
as some sort of
LIMITED EDITION SPECIAL EDITION PRODUCTION LINE RUN
or
go and make it by himself / herself / themselves
IF THEY CAN
or in the alternative,
failing to see reason and/or proceed with pragmatism regarding their manufacturing limitations
go and take a running dive.
Rihanna nm,
let me hit the note like this :
there used to be a RAILWAY ENGINE that ran on COAL.
not diesel.
not electricity.
COAL.
just pure simple old-fashion(ed) good old COAL.
Rihanna nm, that COAL RAIL ENGINE ran on
NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACKS
and that old COAL RAILWAY ENGINE
is
according to rumours
remembered in
Railway Engineering History globally
as a
SUPERB PERFORMER in it’s day
but then a NEW TECHNOLOGY came along :
the DIESEL POWERED RAIL ENGINE
that RUNS/RAN on
NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACKS
and so Europe phased it out
and because? Nigeria couldn’t build that COAL POWERED RAILWAY ENGINE
and probably? couldn’t get anywhere to buy it as Europe was no longer manufacturing
that COAL POWERED / COAL DRIVEN RAILWAY ENGINE
Nigeria also phased it out.
you know, Rihanna nm,
Nigeria has
historically and currently
huge abundant amounts of naturally occurring COAL
in the Enugu State area
and
in the Benue State area
and it’s probably a sure wager that
if
any one .. any entity .. here in Nigeria could
build that
COAL POWERED RAILWAY ENGINE
the Production Process
for the manufacturing
of the
COAL POWERED RAILWAY ENGINE
for use on NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACKS
would probably be
an ON-GOING PROCESS here in Nigeria
as at date July 2023,
all things being equal,
and
Nigeria would also probably
as at date July 2023,
all things being equal
including
vision,
managerial capability,
absence of negative tribal/tribe politics on company operations,
etc,
be
■ a NET EXPORTER
■ a NET FINISHED GOODS EXPORTER
■ a NET FINISHED PRODUCTS EXPORTER
of
MADE IN NIGERIA COAL POWERED RAIL ENGINES
to
countries in Africa
and
countries in any other parts of the world
that
operate(s) the
NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACK(S) SYSTEM
and
wishes to use
the COAL POWERED RAIL ENGINE
on it’s / their NARROW GAUGE RAIL TRACK(S) SYSTEM
(B) In The Instance Of A Country That Builds Only STANDARD GAUGE RAIL ENGINES ;
(C) In The Instance Of A Country That Builds
Both
NARROW GAUGE RAIL ENGINES
and
STANDARD GAUGE RAIL ENGINES ;
(D) In The Instance Of A Country That Builds Only WIDE GAUGE RAIL ENGINES ;
[ TO BE CONTINUED ]
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